Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Conan Doyle EssayThe final villain we are introduced to is Irene Adler. She is introduced during The S open firedal in Bohemia and is a very unusual villain compared to the others. Conan Doyle presents her differently mainly because she is a woman. However Doyle was writing a head of his time as during his era wo men were looked upon as inferior to men yet she is the only villain to successfully circumvent Holmes. She is also the only villain of the three who never uses aggression. She relies entirely on cunning and intelligence and manages to outwit Holmes very skilfully. She also completely changes Holmes opinion. Holmes origin all in ally believes her to be no different to any other villain. However by the end of the story she has gained his respect and In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. This shows Holmes lack of respect for women and how he sees himself as superior. This is clear because he con fountrs outwitting him an extremely impressive thing meaning he thinks himself better than other people. But Adler changes this. With her cunning she is able to defeat Holmes at his own game. And at the same time as being so good at what she does she hides it from everyday people with her appearance which makes her seem innocent. She was a attractive woman, with a face a man might die for.From that last bit a face a man might die for we can interpret it to mean she is very good at manipulating people. And we know that although she is beautiful she is ruthless. She has the face of the most beautiful of women, and the mind of the most resolute of men As well as showing her two different images of how she can be very clever and ruthless but also alluring this shows the contrast of men and women at the time. Showing how men were considered to be more resolute and cunning. We also know that her skills are enough to impress anyone even royalty. This is clear when the king says What a queen she would have made. On the other hand the king f eels this from the beginning but Holmes is always unwilling to deem anyone to be equal to or great than him does not change how he feels until the end.Holmes himself is quite different throughout the stories. In the speckled band he is a true hero. Not caring close personal gain working for the love of his art rather than the acquirement of wealth showing dedication to his work. And how he feels the feeling he gets from solving the mysteries is a better reward than any amount of money. However even here we see some of his darker side as he was able to see profoundly into the manifest wickedness of the human heart. This suggests he has perhaps been there himself and is able to understand wickedness so well that there could be a side to him which is quite different to the hero presented to us. However no matter how dark he may seem sometimes, there is no denying his brilliance as a detective. His faculties of deduction and of logical synthesis mean he is always one step ahead.We al so know that he is very observant and notices the smallest things. I commemorate the second half of a return ticket in the palm of your glove. You must have started early and yet you had a good drive in a dog cart along heavy roads. This shows he notices and observes everything and works things out that no one else could. However in the Copper Beaches he has deform less of the helpful hero who would help anyone and anything.He considers himself better than others. His friend Watson was repelled by the egotism. Showing a completely different side of Holmes. He is self-conceited and believes the rest of the world to be beneath him. The public, the great unobservant public, who could hardly tell a weaver by his tooth or a compositor by his thumb. This shows that he believes himself to be better than anyone else and that the public are ignorant.Overall I think all the villains posses similar qualities but with key noticeable differences. They are all cunning and intelligence with Roy lott being the only physically villainous one. And Adler being the only one successful in outwitting Holmes. Conan Doyle was writing ahead of his time by show Adler as equal to Holmes as women were looked upon as weaker at the time. As for Holmes himself we see he is not perhaps the true hero who can do no wrong he would appear in the Speckled Band. And even venturing in the worlds of drugs, which gives him darker apparel and make him more of an anti-hero.

Evaluating Truth and Validity Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Truth and Validity EssayTruth and validity argon two different concepts which should non be confused, although they are usu every(prenominal)y taken as synonyms in common language. In logic, it is said that the careen is valid when the conclusion follows deductively from the premises. While of the premises and the conclusion is that they are rightful(a) or false, the arguments are said to be valid or hamper. The validity or invalidity of the argument does not depend on its conclusion to be true. According to Moss (2007) Understanding Truth aims to illuminate the notion of verity, and the role it plays in our ordinary thought, as well as in our logical, philosophical, and scientific theories. The argument is valid, when you check consistency and sense. It has coherence because the premises do not contradict each other and correspond to the conclusion (para.12). Therefore, we must distinguish between the concept of trueness and validity. Truth is some thing that i s preached propositions or educational activitys. Validity is predicated of the arguments. Truth slays reference to the content, and the validity to the shape or structure of the arguments.This reading volition address three scenarios in which it testament evaluate each argument, using the 4-step process regarding truth and validity. The first scenario is Power must be evil because it gage corrupt lot. The first thing this composition bequeath address is if the argument is stated fully and in a clear way. The literary argument has a hidden premise. The premise expressed of the statement back end be view as Power is evil because it creates corruption. Therefore must powerful people are corrupt. The statement has errors affecting truth. From the statement we know that the statement is overgeneralizing its context because it is taking a valid point and it is extending it beyond the limits of reasonableness. Sometimes this statement can be true exclusively we cant grow all po werful people are evil. The fact that power corrupts all people is a negative statement.All through break through history there has been many an(prenominal) of people that had power that were not evil. For Example, Nelson Mandela was a very powerful man in South Africa. According to Vallely (2003) His life was an inspiration not just in South Africa but throughout the world, to all who are oppressed and deprived, and to all whoare opposed to oppression and deprivation. He was a model of faith, hope and brotherly love (para.11). In the other hand, there has been people corrupted that had power. For Example, Adolf Hitler and Napoleon were very powerful and corrupt individuals. According to Napoleon and Hitler (2010) Both were heartless and cavalier well-nigh the lives of their men (Napoleon A man like me cares little about losing the lives of a million men Hitler I can send the flower of German callowness into the hell of war without the slightest pity).As for their legacies, Seward states that Napoleon began the irreversible destruction of the old hierarchical, Christian Europe and the Fuhrer completed it (para.12). According Kivisto (2013) Evil is an entity, person, place or thing that does not deserve compromise or negotiation. It must be destroyed. Dictionary. Reference.com describes it as the force in nature that governs and gives rise to wickedness and sin (para.2) Also, not all corrupt people are evil. Mexico, for exercise, is full of corrupt leaders, but in the other hand, there are not evil. Another corrupt organization is the union International of Football Association, known as FIFA, but is not evil. How corrupt you have to be to be consider Evil. There are people who are corrupt, but are not in any way evil. In conclusion, it is instal that this argument is so flawed that the only thing to do is to throw it out and embrace a different argument. It is found that power if used right can do so much good, and if power is in the wrong hands it can do enormous harm.The second scenario talks about The citation eyeshade habit promotes slapdash spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should not be permitted to issue credit cards to any one(a) under age 21. This reading will evaluate truth and validity and also it will talk about the four step process in evaluating an argument. Not all young people are careless spenders. The statement The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should not be permitted to issue credit cards to anyone under age 21. Is not truth as it is written. From past experiences people came to the conclusion that in fact people under the age of 21 get into a lot of debt from credit cards, but not all the debt is form credit cards. Also, there is a lot of people that have credit card debt and over 21.This readingnotice that this argument is overgeneralizing its context. This statement could be truth at ti mes. According to Herman (2008) Credit card companies have been pursuing teenagers and designing credit cards so they can diddle about the credit system, says Gary Herman, President of Consolidated Credit. And although most teenagers dont fully understand the repercussions of using a credit card and the impact it can have on their future financial situations, more teens are working and are spending their own money. Credit card companies believe they have put on the jackpot (para.3). In the other hand, there have been many people who are filled with credit card debt and are over the age of 21. In the following step checking for validity errors, it is found that this statement is somewhat valid. Credit card companies dont promote careless spending. It is the parents responsibilities to study their kids of proper ways to manage their finances.The argument talks about credit cards are promoting careless spending in which is true, but there is a lot of people under the age of 21 who a re responsible for owning a credit card. Not all young people under 21 are careless spenders. The final step is to validate errors, if found the reading will revise the argument to eliminate them. The credit card habit promotes careless spending, particularly among young people. Therefore, credit card companies should run credit checks on all people applying for one. The third scenario talks about Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the cheat market, so teachers who grade harshly are doing students a ill service. To make the expression complete, the reading will identify the premises that are hidden in this argument. Companies take into consideration a lot of factors when it comes to hiring personal, and one of those is how well they did in school to include grades.Employers requisite productive employees and ones that perform well. If an applicant with good grades apply for a position and another one with bad grades apply nine out of ten the one with the good gr ades will get the job. Teachers main job is to teach coach and mentor them towards their entrance in the job market and to make sure they meet all the requirements of a desired profession. Teachers who grade harshly are doing disserve to students by many different ways. Teachers may deduct points because of lack of federation or attendance, which it doesnt means he is a bad student but in the other hand he might have job that intervenes with him being on time. This statementcontains an element of truth, yet it is not accurate. According to Belkin (2003) The test, called the Collegiate Learning Assessment, provides an objective, benchmarked report card for critical thinking skills, said David Pate, dean of the School of Arts and Sciences at St. John Fisher College, a small liberal-arts school near Rochester, N.Y. The students will be able to use it to go out and market themselves.The test is part of a movement to find new ways to assess the skills of grads. Employers say grades can be misleading and that they have braggy skeptical of college credentials. (para.3). In the other hand according to McNicol (1999) In the independent performance survey of the 25 colleges, Georgian had impressive results, including above-average scores for graduate placement and satisfaction, Georgian officials said. The survey was conducted as part of the accountability initiatives spearheaded by the Ontario Ministry of Education and Training. Called the key performance indicators (KPI) project, it found 90 per cent of 600 Georgian College grads surveyed found work within six months of graduation, slightly higher than the system- wide 89 per cent (pg.2). In the final step, it will revise the argument to eliminate errors.The statement Low grades on a college transcript are a handicap in the job market, so teachers who grade harshly are doing students a disservice has errors. Not all companies look into college transcripts before they hired a future employee they are several other f acts that come in play before the hiring process, for example past experiences, work history, military experience, resume, etc. In conclusion, validity is a property of forms or structures of deductive arguments. It does not mean that their proposals are always true. An invalid form means that even if the premises are true, the conclusion is not necessarily true. Therefore, there are deductive arguments that may be valid, but not true, and, therefore, not solid.ReferencesMoss, P. A. (2007). Reconstructing validity. Educational Researcher, 36(8), 470-476. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/216903729?accountid=458 Vallely, P. (2013, Dec 07). Nelson Mandela. The Independent Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1465444822?accountid=458 NAPOLEON ANDHITLER. (2010). Kirkus Reviews, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/915700909?accountid=458 Kivisto, P. (2013). Evil. Choice, 50(5), 976. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1312183109?accoun tid=458 Herman, G. (2008). Teenagers credit cards. Retrieved from www.consalidatedcredit.org http//www.consolidatedcredit.org/credit-card-debt/teenagers-and-cards/back Belkin, D. (2013, Aug 25). Are you ready for the post-college SAT? employers say they dont trust grade-point averages. Wall Street ledger (Online) Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1427661410?accountid=458 McNichol, P. (1999, Mar 11). Good grades for georgian Most grads, employers happy with college courses. Sun Times Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/349164482?accountid=458

Reproductive Strategies in Birds

Re growthive Strategies in BirdsCatherine CarrickIntroductionBirds, like any other organism, constantly struggle to find a balance between the benefits of imitation and the costs of procreative effort expressed as adult mortality (RICKLEFS, 1977). As well as behavioural differences among species such as brood size, justification of young or the effort required for foraging, environmental factor ins influence avian procreative strategies. This includes bionomics, for example how efficiently a bird procures and utilizes available resources, and how it protects its investment funds (offspring). During the polish 50 years it has stupefy the consensus that fostering and mortality rate among birds be directly proportional, and that the age of sexual matureness gains with adult survival of the fittest rate (RICKLEFS, 2000), where reproduction rate is determined by the length of the breeding season, the clutch size, and nesting success. The evolution of optimum clutch size was one o f the first studies conducted by David Lack (1947) where pabulum supply directly influenced fecundity. Later studies showed that in most cases, birds with a longer brio span such as albatrosses had decreased clutch sizes, postponed sexual maturity and decreased reproductive success due to greater parental investment and thus a greater risk of parental death. Environments are practically freakish and birds such as the black kite (Milvus migrans) produces more offspring early on it life (SERGIO, 2010). Competition, resources and hazards change in such a way and often so rapidly that the kites would die before being able to reproduce if sexual maturity occurred much later.Life HistoriesWhen perceiveing reproductive strategies, is it important to understand what is meant by life history. It is the history of adaptations and genic modifications of a population in response to changes in the environment. It is non to be confused with a life table, which shows the interactions of ada ptations and genetic modifications with the environment.Genetic variation gives rise to an evolutionary response in the gene pool to variation in the environment. Changes in the environment tend to change the constriction and age structure among a population making the population either crash, or revert back to a state of equilibrium.Sex RatioAspects of birds lives mint vary up to 10-fold among species with opposite life histories (RICKLEFS, 2000) and the theme of this evolution include several components. The first is sex ratios. Fishers principle states that when masculine births are less common, those male offspring have better mating potential than the female offspring and so the males have more offspring. This then means the genes for male procuring tendencies spread, male births become more common and a 11 sex ratio is approached (the equilibrium). This reduces again as being born male becomes less advantageous (Hamilton, 1967). A case by Neville et al (2008) showed the se x ratio of 298 nestlings from 81 nests of golden-winged warblers Vermivora chrysoptera to be approximately 5050 (11). However, Daan et al (1996) observed some raptor species producing surplusage daughters early in the breeding season and males later in the season, whilst other species showed the opposite. The deviation may be explained by specific environmental conditions having various eventful outcomes for male and female offspring (DAAN et al, 1996).Sexual SelectionMales and females differ through sexual dimorphism and secondary sexual characters such as elaborate tail feathers. If there is heritable variation in a trait that affects the ability to obtain mates, then variants conducive to success will become more common all over time. Peahens select for male peacocks with the largest most elaborate tail feathers, and so this character is genetically passed on and becomes more common. Access to mates is a limiting factor for males and it was predicted that sexual selection will be a stronger force in the evolution of males than females (BATEMAN, 1948). This leads to stronger competition over mates in males and means that females should be choosy as they invest heavily in reproduction, yet another reason why males have large plumage to advertise to females. There are dickens theories as to why a female would choose a male with costly characters. Firstly is the sexy sons theory where cost arises as the end product of a runaway process. Secondly is the good genes theory where females choose mates with good genes to maximise viability of there offspring (TRIVERS, 1972). For example, those peacocks with the brightest, largest and most elaborate plumage intend to a female their probable resistance to parasites.Parental investmentThis can be described as any parental interactions with their offspring that increases the offspring survival rate, at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring (TRIVERS 1972). Social monogamy with biparental care (BURELY, JOHNSON, 1992) is common among avian species. However, this has evolved from a verydifferent diapsid lineage in the fact that most extant and extinct diapsids show promiscuity and mainly lack parental care (with exceptions like crocodilians).Fig. 2 shows the stages of evolution from limited parental care in the basal archosaur leading to increased biparental care and ultimate monogamy among extant avian species. In contrast, social parasitism can avoid the risks of parental investment as seen in North American cuckoos (Coccyzus sp.) where the cuckoo lays its eggs in a multitudes nest and the host incubates and raises the parasitic cuckoo razzs.Parent-offspring conflictThe conflict is at its peak during the parental care period. It is loosely divided into intrabrood conflict where the offspring favour different stratum on parental investment that that preferred by the parent (KILNER, 2007) and interbrood conflict where the demands made by the offspring are too great that the parent withholds investment for future reproduction. An example is given in a study by Stamps et al (1985) on budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) where in female-fed families the parent controlled food allocation as they did not favour begging, whereas, in male-fed families the offspring had the greatest control, as the male parents were susceptible to allocating food to those who begged.Optimization in a Variable EnvironmentD. Cohen (1966, 1968) reached the conclusion that move environments always favour greater reproduction, whereas constant environments select for small litters (SHAFFER, 1974). A case study by Jetz et al (2008) examined clutch size from 5290 avian species worldwide and correlated the environmental influences with the comparative approach (the relation of clutch size to other biological traits) in one analysis. It showed conclusive evidence that backed Cohens theory. For example, avian species in more stable seasonal environments had larger clutch sizes t han those of tropical birds where the climate changes unpredictably and rapidly.Nest predationProlonged incubation and nestling periods increase the probability that those nests will attract predators. The opposite can be said for minimal incubation and nestling periods. Therefore it can be assumed that those species with larger clutch sizes, prolonged incubation or nestling periods have adopted and evolved strategies to evade predation. For example, Killdeer (Charadrius vociferous) eggs and chicks are extremely well camouflaged (Fig. 3).Niko Tinbergen (1967) gear up that in the case of the black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), the adult would remove the eggshell a short time after its chick had hatched, and place it away from the nest. This meant leaving the chick alone momentarily, but the advantage of removing the white, un-camoflaged egg shell outweighed the cost of cannibalism of the chick from neighbouring gulls. This behaviour is heritable among all black-headed gulls. Birds that evolve in areas with few or no predators should then exhibit larger clutch sizes, prolonged incubation and nestling periods. This is seen in island species that have had time to evolve in the absence of predators. However, a study preformed by Trevelyan and Read (1989) showed no significant differences in reproductive strategies between mainland Australia and New Zealand species. Trevelyan and Read interpreted these observations to be due to the arrival of humans, stimulating reproductive strategies similar to those on the main land.ConclusionBirds expend a great deal of energy providing parental care, breeding and courtship, whether or not the offspring are precocial (an advanced state if development) or altricial (completely dependant on the parent/s). It is clear that productivity of breeding is intrinsically linked to an avian life span and environmental factors which constantly encroach on avian fecundity and mortality. Of the 10,000 known extant avian species, each has d eveloped a unique reproductive strategy, whether its be elaborate plumage to attract a mate as seen in tropical birds (genetic) removing egg shells to avoid cannibalism of offspring (behavioural) or laying a large clutch to ensure survival of the next generation in an erratically changing environment.

Studying X-ray Binary Systems

Studying roentgenogram Binary Systems1.0 Mission overview (0.5 pages max.)In response to the recent XMM Mission, relating to a explosive charge of studying X-ray binary systems, The XMM-Newton accusation helped scientists in solving a numerous cosmic mysteries, starting from the enigmatic black holes to the details about the origins of the Universe. Observation time on XMM-Newton is provided to the scientific community, which is applying for observatory periods. The proposed area details provide an order of magnitude lower particle background than those of other missions like Chandra and XMM-Newton, which would allow the detailed study and digest of low-surface-brightness diffuse objects.This proposed mission will be advancement on previous studies by the improvement in capabilities with response to scientific developments of the last few years and would match headspring with the goals set out in the recent call for ideas on x-ray observations. It flowerpot be also possible to increase the focal length of utilize micropore optics, which improves the high-energy response curve, hence this mission would thus be very highly significant in scientific and technological steps beyond Chandra/XMM-Newton and would take to heart important and timely inputs for the next upcoming generation of huge X-ray observatories like XEUS and Con-X planned for the upcoming years 2015-2025 horizons. This proposed next generation mission focuses on see restoration technique as well as ultra high photon imaging development the concepts of morphological Image processing and enhancing image quality. exclusively software and electronic hardware scientific research like VLSI design, SoC design are taken care in digital signal processing of the Image.The proposed mission is called N-XMM Mission (Next Generation XMM Mission). That comprises solutions for next generation imaging devices.1.1 InstrumentsEuropean Ultra high Photon imaging Camera (EUPIC) The MOS CCDs, EEV type 22, hav e 600 x 600 pixels, each 40 microns square they are frame-transfer devices and front illuminated. One pixel covers 1.1 with Image restoration technique. This instrument would work upon the quality of image capturing (i.e. Ultra high quality) and initial Image RenderingReflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) It contains 182 identical types of gratings. The gratings are supposed to be mounted at grazing incidence into the in-plane or classical configuration, where both the incident as well as diffracted X-rays lies in a plane that is perpendicular (900 angle) to the grating grooves. This instrument is helpful in spectrum sensing and processing of X-rays as well as determines the elemental composition of specimen that is to be analysedOptical Monitor (OM) The Optical/UV Monitor background is mounted on the mirror support platform alongside the X-ray mirror module devices. It can provide coverage from 170 650 nm of that central 17 arc hour square region of the X-ray field, thus permi tting routine multi-wavelength epitome and observations of Multi Mirror targets simultaneously in X-ray as well as UV/ visual bands of frequency. This instrument helps in sensing simultaneous bands of energy waves that can be used for further analysis and can be digitally processed using SoC electronic devices in between only.1.2 MirrorThe main mirror of the reach will be Deployable Mirror. This will allow the spectral instruments to achieve resolutions from 0.000005032 arcseconds to 0.005032 arcseconds in the optic region of the spectrum.1.3 cooling SystemThe cooling system on board will be Passive, to achieve a temperature of 470 Kelvin. The minimum operating temperature required by the instruments is 40 Kelvin.1.4 Comments? (max. 50 words) Cooling System is taken Passive because the satellite has a large number of 50 kg and passive cooling is best for mass of 50 kg of for EUPIC, RGS and OM with a temperature of 470 Kelvin R = 1.22 (lambda/D) where, R is resolution, lambda is the wavelength and wavelength for x-rays are ranging from 0.01nm to 10nm and D=0.5m.2.0 Mass budgetThe total mass of the satellite will be 73 kg. The breakdown of the individual components is given belowMass budgetSatellite Structure50 kgMirror3 kgCooling System20 kgInstruments0 kg totality Satellite mass73 kg2.1 Orbit SelectionThe satellite will happen upon from Lower Earth Orbit, at a distance of Less Than Thousand kms from Earth. The orbital period will be 90-100 minutes, and the maximum fuel lifetime for maintaining much(prenominal) an orbit is 10 years. The mission duration will therefore be 5 years.2.2 Launch vehicle and siteTo reach orbit, the satellite will be launched on a Soyuz, operated by Roscosmos (Russia), from Baikonur, Russia. The maximum capacity of this launch vehicle is 8 t.2.3 Comments? (max. 50 words)LEO Taken because it is having a desired launch monetary value and supports every cryogenic and passive cooling systems3.0 Financial budgetThe total be of the mi ssion will be 257 million, broken down over the spare-time activity areasCost breakdownSatellite Structure100 millionMirror12 millionCooling System5 millionInstrumentsDevelopment cost117 millionLaunch cost120 millionGround control cost20 millionOperations cost140 millionTotal mission cost357 million3.1 Comments? (max. 50 words)Now advancement is required in image restoration techniques, morphological kind of image processing techniques and SAS analysis of DATA. In all these fields new softwares can be made and used for clearer details.4.0 Technical Scientific JustificationX-ray physical science astronomy in space depends on the focusing of X-ray photons by low-angle scattering from fine shaped shells. In most of the cases this kind of optics contains two sets of nested homocentric shells with their shapes identical and similar to sections of different cones. Two grazing-incidence scatters would result in focusing of the X-rays on the shell axis. The previous ESAs XMM-Newton missi on had three mirror modules with outer diameter 70 cm, that too each having 58 nested shells that would be focusing on the X-rays onto CCD detectors some distance of 7m from the mirrors. XMM is in a highly eccentric orbit having closing distance 114000km, perigee distance 7000km and inclination angle 39. In this highly eccentric orbit, it is exposed to fluxes of electrons and ions of various high energies from Magnetospheric and Heliospheric sources.Big Data sets used for the analysis of different mission-critical engineering problems were produced by various scientific missions (IMP, SOHO, ACE, Equator-S, ISEE) which would never anticipate such applicationsN-XMM has its own on-board radiation monitor similar to that we had in X-NMM, to which there can be an early resistance in the project preparation. It would be an important resource on the spacecraftSpacecraft operators would have a keen provoke in the state of the space weather and hence would certainly use the predictions of particle enhancements.N-XMM wouldinclude the following types of science instrumentEuropean Ultra high Photon Imaging Camera (EUPIC) 3 CCD cameras are used for X-ray imaging, high resolution spectroscopy, and X-ray photometry XMM-Newtoncarries 2 MOS cameras and one pn. The gratings change the direction of about half of the squash incident flux to the RGS detectors so that about approx. 44% of the original incoming flux sets to the MOS (Motor only sync) cameras. The EUPIC instrument at the focus point of the third X-ray telescope with an highly energised unobstructed beam uses pn CCDs and hence is directed to as the pn camera. The EUPIC cameras perform task of extremely sensitive imaging analysis over the telescopes field of view (FOV) of 25 arcmin and in the energy ranging from 0.11 to 24 keV with flairrate spectral density (E/E 20-50). All EUPIC CCDs operates in photon counting mode with a fixed frequency and mode dependent frame read-out frequencyReflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS) Contains two very identical spectrometers for the purpose of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy as well as spectro-photometry.Optical Monitor (OM) Used for optical imaging, UV imaging and grism spectroscopyComparisonXMM-Newton6150.15 154650b40Chandra0.20.50.1 1080050N-XMM3.570.1 244001.34.1 Figures/Diagrams/Tables for Technical Scientific JustificationFigure.1 Payload DesignFigure.2 Mechanical Design of XMM-OM TelescopeFigure.3 Schematic view of available orbits.Figure.4 Images Taken by LASCO and EITFigure.5 Optical Design of RGSTransmitterfrequency range2200 .. 2290 MHzAntenna output transmitting might+36 dBm (+2 dBm / 0 dBm)Transmitter modulationBPSK 4 MbpsPower consumption30 WReceiverFrequency range2025 .. 2110 MHzFrequency2058 MHzholding range100kHzError bit rateLess than10-6105 dBmReceiver demodulationBPSK 256 kbpsPower consumption3 WReceiver predisposition-105 dBm min error bit rate = 10-6AntennaPolarizationcircular/ RHCCoveringHemisphericalPowermax. 40dB m CWImpedance50-Operational temperature-40 +120CUplink frequency range2025 2110 MHzDownlink frequency range22002290 MHz

Developing Low Energy and Sustainable Homes

Developing Low Energy and Sustainable HomesClimate change and vigor warranter argon the colossalest ch e real last(predicate)enges set ab come out the world today. Climate change is causing global warming, which is the increase in the average temperature on the earths surface, manner and oceans. The release of greenho intent gas emissions into our atmosp here, from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and defore site collect been a major factor in their increase over the last 100 years.Energy security is vital for any extended economy. The OPEC member countries obtain about 75% of the worlds oil reserves (R). Many of these countries are politic anyy unstable and they stool control the price of oil. In the early years of this decade, the UK was a net exporter of gas and it is estimated that by 2020, they entrust solo be able to meet about 40% of their oil and gas trains themselves(R). The UK needs to reduce its green house gas emissions and meet their aught de mands without having to rely on other nations.The Kyoto protocol was constituted to limit and reduce the amount of green house gases released into the atmosphere. Industrialised countries, and those is transition to a market economy, which were called the Annex I countries go agreed to ratify the understanding and reduce their emissions to a 1990s baseline (R).The UKs commitment under the protocol is to reduce their green house gas emissions by 12.5% of 1990 levels, by 2008-2012. This involves an 8% decline in their C02 emissions, the main cause of global warming, over this duration frame. Further aspirational targets are set out in the DTI Energy White Paper promulgated in 2003, such as to reduce CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 (R).In 2002, the residential sector cause 27% of the UKs CO2 emissions, of which 82% of the heartiness was for space and urine heating (R). The proposals, as laid out by Gordon Brown in 2006 stated that within ten years, every in the raw kin will be a slide fastener- degree centigrade groundwork. The enactment for Sustainable Homes was introduced in 2007, the code rates the sustainability of habitations over six levels based on reliable criteria. In theory, seduceing naught- b wretched al-Qaeda offices (homes which can generate their own electrical and heating needs either onsite or locally) is a fantastic idea which will eventually lower get-up-and-go demands and thus lower the CO2 emissions countrywide. But they are ambitious plans and there are several issues that need to be resolved such asZero- nose candy Home explanationNew Construction Techniques Building RegulationsThe inscribe for Sustainable Homes readying LawsGrants and incentivesWhats happening nowadays?Certifying AgenciesZero Carbon HomesThere is still some confusion as to the detailed description of a secret code- light speed home. The Housing Minister, John Healy publish on the Communities and Local establishment (CLG) website the zero ampere-sec ond homes definitionA zero nose candy home is one whose net carbon dioxide emissions, taking account of emissions associated with all energy use in the home, is equal to zero or negative crossways the year. The definition of energy use will cover both energy uses currently regulated by the Building Regulations and other energy used in the home. (R)Detailed information is still needed about energy imported and used in the zero carbon homes. The energy standards state that there has to be onsite renewable energy and a locally connected heat supply to achieve a 70% reduction in the carbon emissions from current levels. before long there is no allowance made for renewable energy generated off site, for example, wind and wave power. If I design a proposed zero carbon home and connect it to an energy company that is generating electricity in the north of Scotland, I might not achieve the rating I want which is unfair, even though he electricity is generated from a renewable source.The life cycle of a building is not interpreted into account in the definition of a zero carbon homes either. The construction, renovation and disposal can cause significant amounts of CO2 emission to be released. A life cycle analyses of a zero carbon home should include the embodied energy within the materials and waste disposal. Of course, not all of the material could be sourced locally as this would be impossible, but distributively council/local government should be able to compile a list of materials that are located locally. Ideally, a certain percentage of the local materials should have to be used. This would not only decrease the embodied energy within some of the construction materials but also help support local businesses. The government should site more in the research of this idea, with more businesses suffering in the current economic climate, we should be buying locally, not importing.New Construction Techniques Building RegulationsOur European neighbours have be en developing low energy houses and energy saving construction techniques for over 30 years. While some of the techniques might be new to the UK, they have been tried and tested on the continent. Currently the averaged U-Value for Walls, Roofs and Floors (wm2K) in Part L of the Building Regulations for the UK is 0.24, whereas in Germany and Switzerland the Passivehaus and Minergie-P regulations are achieving an average of 0.10(R). In 2013 the averaged UK Part L will lower to 0.18 and then in 2016 to 0.14. (R)The German designed Passivhaus has been a hugely booming energy saving concept that has only reached the UK in recent years. The rudimentary principle include very good levels of insulation with minimal thermal bridging, utilising solar and internal gains by house orientation, window design and location, excellent levels of air tightness and good indoor air quality provided by whole house mechanical ventilation strategy with highly efficient heat recovery.(R)Sweden, also has produced energy efficient house designs since the 1970s, with different mandatory standards for the north and south due to the difference in climate. There performance standards are among the highest energy capacity requirements in the world, already in line with Passivhaus standards. Over 7000 home have been constructed across Europe to the Passivhaus standard, the techniques used can easily be adapted here within the UK.The highly insulated and airtight passivhaus have a heating requirment of 15kwh/m2/year, which is or so 90% less energy used to heat a standard UK home (R). These homes often need little or no heating for 9 months of the year. This will not automatically mean that the houses will achieve the highest level on the Code for Sustainable Homes. If we are to achieve the standards of the Passivhaus, the design and construction techniques should be introduced into the university courses now, for such degrees as I studied (Architectural Technology). These techniques are t he future for zero carbon residential, commercial and industrial building. Starting with the basic house construction, if we are thought the techniques on how to construct dwellings that minimise their heat and hot piss demand, less energy is needed, and expensive renewable options such as PV cells, geothermal pumps and internal wind turbines can be reduced. We can then adapt these techniques for other building types.Code for Sustainable Homes Sullivan ReportThe Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) was introduced in England on a voluntary basis in May 2007 and a code rating for all new buildings became mandatory from 1st May 2008. The Code aim 3 rating for newly constructed homes promoted or supported by the Welsh Assembly Government became mandatory from 1st May 2008 also and from 2nd June 2008, Code take aim 3 is required for all new self-contained social housing in Northern Ireland (R).The Code does not apply in Scotland. A panel was appointed by the Minister for Transport,Infr astructure and Climate Changet, chaired by Lynne Sullivan, they made recommendations to develop a strategy to achieve zero net carbon emissions. Experts for the UK as well as from Norway, Denmark and Austria participated. They agreed on eventual and staged recommendations to be achieved by new build and existing homes in Scotland.The pastime was recommended for all new build homes in ScotlandNet zero carbon buildings (i.e. space and water heating, fire and ventilation) by 2016/2017, if practical.Two intermediate stages on the way to net zero carbon buildings, one change in energy standards in 2010 (low carbon buildings) and another(prenominal) in 2013 (very low carbon buildings).The 2010 change in energy standards for non- nationalated buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 50% more than 2007 standards.The 2010 change in energy standards for domestic buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 30% more than 2007 standards.The 2013 change in energy standards for non-domestic buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 75% more than 2007 standards.The 2013 change in energy standards for domestic buildings should deliver carbon dioxide savings of 60% more than 2007 standards.Backstop levels of U-values and airtightness for building fabric should be improved in 2010 to match those of Nordic countries, but consideration must be stipulation to the social and financial impact of measures that would necessitate mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in domestic buildings.The ambition of total-life zero carbon buildings by 2030.The Code for Sustainable Homes was introduced to replace Ecohomes which was the energy assessment rating for all homes in B.R.E.E.A.M. (R). The CSH was intended to be a single national standard for design and construction of sustainable homes. The code complements the system of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) which was introduced in June 2007 under the Energy Performance of Buildings confidential informat ion (EPBD) (R). All new homes (and eventually all homes, when they are sold or leased) will have an EPC which provides key information about the energy efficiency/carbon performance of a home. The CSH and EPC and energy assessments used the same terminology.The CSH was developed by using the existing Building Research Establishments (BRE) EcoHomes System. The Code has a scoring system of six levels. The different levels are made up by achieving both the appropriate mandatory minimum standards together with a proportion of flexible standards. Level 6, being the highest level achieves a Zero-Carbon Home standard. The Code has been designed so it is closely linked to the Building Regulations, which are the minimum standards by law. The minimum standards for the Code compliance have been set above the requirements of the Building Regulations. The Code has been set out as a baseline in relation to carbon emissions from energy use in a home.The introduction of the Code for Sustainable Hom es will encourage developers to build to higher(prenominal) standards. Homes that will be constructed to the higher standards set out in the Code will produce lower levels of CO2 and generate lower energy bills for the occupants. Including the 6 level scoring systems is a good opportunity for developers and buildings to try various construction techniques and see what level they can achieve. The levels are a good stepping stone to achieve a level 6 spend a penny and obtaining a zero-carbon home status.The Code for Sustainable Homes was designed to show how sustainable a home could be. Sustainable homes should include the three pillars of sustainability Environmental, Social Economic. In the Code, only one of these pillars is addressed, Environmental. For the Code to be truly sustainable the social and economic issues need to be included in the design, construction and operation of all new homes. The location of new homes, either in a rural or built-up field of honor could be add ed to the weighting system for points scoring. Constructing a home within a certain distance of a public transfer route could also gain points on the scoring system, this would reduce the home owners daily car use and CO2 emissions.The government or local authorities could have specially designated areas, preferably Brownfield sites that could be classed as sustainable sites. A points system could be unified into the CSH for constructing a new home in this area. As transport makes up over 23% of UKs GHG emissions (R), encouraging alternative-fuel vehicles and electric cars would be beneficial. An alternative-fuel top up station could be constructed within these proposed sustainable sites area. This would meet some of the economic issues by creating employment within the green industry. Until the social and economic issues have been addressed, we should consider contacting the section for Communities and Local Government and asking them to rename the Code for Sustainable Homes to t he Code for Environmental Homes.Planning LawsAs stated in Section 1.0, Zero-Carbon Homes will have to incorporate either on-site renewable technologies or locally sourced combined heat and power (CHP) for their energy needs. The National Planning Policy Statement 22 Renewable Energy gives national guidance in England, on the installation of renewable technologies. Statement 22 was last updated in 2004, but has been supplemented by the updated Planning Policy Statement 1 Planning Climate Change published in 2007. Currently there is a consultation draft to be updated and published before the end of this year (2009). The equivalent planning statement in Scotland is the National Planning Policy Guideline 6 Renewable Energy Developments. It provides the Scotch Executives policy on national land use and planning matters regarding renewable technologies.New permitted development rights introduced on 6th April 2008 in England and the 12th March 2009 in Scotland have made it easier to ins tall renewable energy technologies such as solar panels and biomass boilers(R). These permitted development rights have lifted requirements for planning permission for most domestic micro-generation technologies.In England, The General Permitted Development Order (GPDO) gives rights to certain forms of development on the home without the need to apply for planning permission. In Scotland, these rights are under the township and Country Planning (General Permitted Developed) (Domestic Micro-generation) transmission control protocol (GPD) Scotland Amendment Order 2009. Currently the Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Government are considering changing their legislation to permit certain renewable engineering science development without having to apply for planning permission. Both governments hope to introduce legislation in 2010. The GPDO in England and the TCP (GPD) in Scotland include the following technologiesSolar PV Solar Thermal (Roof Mounted)Solar PV Solar The rmal (Stand Alone)Wood burning boilers and stovesGround source heat pumpsWater source heat pumps phone line source heat pumpsMicro and small wind (due to legal technicalities not included yet but further legislation expected later this year)The DPDO and TCP (GPD) are for guidance only. Each local authority has their own regulations that are set exclusively for their area. For example, a dwelling constructed within a conservation area would have to comply with stiffer standards with regard to installation of renewable technologies towards a dwelling not located in a conservation area.The Mid-Lothian Local Plan was published in 2007 and within NRG2 Individual Wins Turbines and Micro-Generations it states,The Council will support development that proposes the use of individual and community scale wind turbines and other micro-generation technologies for localised power requirements, provided they are located to minimise any potential adverse impact on the local community. The cumulativ e visual impact of such proposals will be taken into consideration when assessing individual planning applicationsThere certainly is a good system in place in allowing the installation of certain renewable technologies without the need for applying for planning permission. The National Planning Policy Statements (England) and National Planning Policy Guidelines (Scotland) provide national frameworks which help local planning systems to evolve and deliver sustainable development. The current planning system is definitely driving us towards a sustainable future and the possibility of fashioning ZCHs a reality by 2016. It is great to see that certain micro-generation technologies do not need to apply for planning permission, even if certain restrictions apply. But the main concern for home developers and owners is the bell of these technologies.Grants IncentivesTo construct a home that achieves a Level 6 in the CSH and a ZCH status requires new construction techniques and materials. There might be a higher initial cost to incorporate these techniques and materials than constructing a current standard home, but energy savings can be achieved over the whole life cost and operation of the home. The cost of constructing a ZCH is greater than a standard home because of the requirement to install renewable technologies. The cost of renewable energy generation depends on which type of technology is going to be installed within a home.In the UK, the government, energy suppliers and local authorities all provide assigns towards installing renewable technologies into your home. The department of Energy Climate Change (DECC) low carbon building programme provides grants for householders. The grants are available for micro-generation technologies including Solar PV, wind turbines, small scale hydro, solar water heating, heat pumps and bio-energy. The programme also funds renewable CHP, micro CHP and fuel cells.In Scotland, the Energy Saving Scotland home renewable gran t scheme provides grants for homes. It is funded by the Scottish Government and the Energy Saving Trust. Funding is set at 30% of the installed cost up to a maximum of 4,000. The grant covers Solar water heating, solar PV, solar thermal space heating, small scale wind and hydro systems, ground source and air source heat pumps and biomass boilers and stoves. In Scotland, you have the filling to apply for an Energy Saving Scotland home renewable grant or a low carbon buildings programme grant, but you cannot apply for a grant from both programmes for one technology.The grants available help towards the cost of the installation of renewables, but are they enough? With the current economic climate, population are being very careful with their money. Renewable technologies can save money over the whole life costing of a home, but its the initial cost that is important to people now. The grants available should be increased to really entice people to purchase these technologies.There ar e also feed-in tariffs available, if a home is generating more electrical energy than it needs, it can sell it back to the main energy suppliers. There are currently two main types of feed-in tariffs available, the Export Tariff, where you are only paid for the electricity you export to the electricity network and the Generation tariffs, where you are paid for all the electricity that your system generates even if you use it in your own home. There are also some Set Price Tariffs available where a fixed amount is paid by the energy supplier based on the type of system installed. The tariff feedback system is a chance for all consumers to become producers. All homes could become energy-plus which could make the UK a net exporter of renewable energy in the future.In Germany, they have been using a feed-in tariff system for over 10 years. It has been a huge success. Under the German system anyone generating electricity from solar PV, wind or hydro is guaranteed a payment of four times the market rate for 20 years. This reduces the payback time for cost of the renewable technologies to less than 10 years and after the payback time is complete, the home owner has a regular income from the electrical company for the power they generate. The cost is spread by generating companies among all users and has added about one cent/kwh to the average bill, or an extra 1.50 (1) a month (R).The growth in home electric generation and renewable technology use in Germany has created jobs and reduced the initial cost. With more companies competing for a share of the market, they have lowered their prices, a typical 3kw PV system costs about 17,000 in Britain but less than 10,000 in Germany (R).It has been proven that the feed in tariff system in Germany is lowering the initial cost of renewable technologies, creating employment and generating income for the home owner after the payback period is over. This system should be introduced worldwide, and promoted as a sustainable method as it incorporates the three pillars of sustainability environmental, social and economic.Certifying AgenciesBREEAM (BRE Environmental AssessmentMethod) is the leading and most widely used environmental assessment method for buildings. It sets the standard for best practice in sustainable design and has become the de facto measure used to describe a buildings environmental performance (R).An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is required for all homes whenever built, rented or sold. If you are buying or selling a home it is now law to have a certificate. They are also required on construction of new homes and are needed for rented homes the first time the property is let after 1 October 2008. The certificate records how energy efficient a property is as a building and provides A-G ratings. These are similar to the labels now provided with domestic appliances such as refrigerators and washing machines.The UKs governments Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP), assess the energy perfo rmance of dwellings and produces the EPC. Energy performance is based on utilization per unit floor area, energy cost rating (SAP rating), an Environmental Impact rating based on CO2 emissions (EI rating) and a Dwelling CO2 dismission Rate (DER). The SAP rating is based on energy costs associated with space heating, water heating, ventilation and lightings, less cost savings from energy generation technologies. The SAP rating is expressed on a scale of 1 to 100, the higher the number the lower the running costs.An EPC is always accompanied by a recommendation report that lists cost effective and other measures (such as low and zero carbon generating systems) to improve the energy rating. A rating is also given showing what could be achieved if all the recommendations were implemented. EPCS are produced by accredited energy assessors.Whats happening now?Some local authorities in the UK have been making exemplar progress in delivering a low carbon economy, such as Fife in Scotland a nd in the near future, Merseyside Council are to become the biggest UK low carbon economy (R).The Zero Carbon Hub is a web-site set up by the Government to help you understand the challenges, issues and opportunities involved in developing, building and marketing low and zero carbon homes. The Zero Carbon Hub shares practical experience and uses this information to accelerate main stream adoption of low and zero carbon methods and technologies. The web-site identifies successful examples of low and zero carbon housing solutions. This will help identify successful design, method, technologies and approaches.Currently major house developers within the UK are constructing prototype zero carbon homes. They are using the developments as exemplar projects on techniques and technologies needed to be included within a home to achieve Zero Carbon status. The following developers and companies have all developed a zero carbon home.Stewart Milne Group Sigma ProjectKingspan Off-Site The Light houseCreo ProKoncept The Creo HouseBarratt Developments Plc The Barrett Green Housemilling machine Homes Ltd. Miller Zero Housing ProjectTarmac Ltd Level 6 Home University of NottinghamIt is encouraging that the major house developers are constructing their own example of zero carbon homes that can be mass produced. They are experimenting with new techniques and materials and then sharing their results and information so everyone benefits. The Stewart Milne Group claim, for their Sigma project to achieve a Level 6 on the CSH, the initial cost for renewable technologies is currently from 60,000-70,000. They suggest we should be concentrating on super-insulating our homes instead of trying to generate energy. They make a validated point here, if we super insulate our homes we will need less energy to heat it, requiring less renewable technologies to generate electricity.It is highly likely that by 2013 many of the sustainability stumbling blocks for the UK will have been swept aw ay by neccesity. Retrofit solutions to existing properties must be part of the future. If only our banks were to protect their assets by financing a UK wide improvement programme.As practitioners of sustainability we have the following summary for you allWhat is a zero carbon home?A zero carbon home would qualify for zero stamp duty if its design emission rating (DER) were a negative number and its Heat Loss Parameter HLP sufficiently low. At presentthe embedded energy of the materials usedthe energy from appliances and fittings and fixturesthe energy associated with transport and servicing are not included.The term low carbon home is kinda vague and ambiguous for the consumerRegardsThe impact of achieving the 25 per cent and 44 per cent improvements above the current Part L standard in 2010 and 2013 is estimated to have a net impact on the economy up to 2016 of around 1.9bn. These costs are based on assuming that developers choose technologies on the basis of minimising the great (p) costs of construction. However, if the impact of on going costs and benefits is taken into account in technology choices, then the overall cost to the economy is reduced to 0.85bn, which is nearly half of the 1.9bn cost. Under this scenario there is a slightly higher capital outlay (the percentage increase in Part L above 2006 in 2013 is 6.2 per cent compared with 5.4 per cent when the capital costs are minimised), but the difference in size of the ongoing benefits is clear.

Essay on Eating Disorder - Why Did American Teenagers Stop Eating? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Why Did American Teenagers Stop Eating?   Why feature American teenagers halt eating well-informed? The American people have not stopped dressing, playing sports, working, or traveling, so why did they stop eating healthy? Is it because American teenagers today have grown up with junk provender that they do not know how to eat healthy? Maybe it is because Americans are so involved with many other activities that they cannot find the time to eat a decent meal. Whatever the specific reason may be, American teenagers have stopped eating healthy and something needs to be done. This paper examines the reasons as to why American teenagers have stopped eating healthy, but first it explains some reasons as to why teenagers eat so unhealthy.   It is not enough to simply formulate that American teenagers have unhealthy eating habits. Although the eating habits vary from teenager to teenager, that is to say some eat too much while others eat too little, the general re asons as to why this fact is true needs to be examined and should be understood by everyone. Teenagers are unhealthy eaters because they eat to free themselves from boredom, they go out to eat to have a fun at night, and they eat because sustenance is always available to them one way or the other. Some teenagers do not eat enough and when they do eat they eat junk food because it tastes better than healthy food. Truly, teenagers are not healthy eaters.   Few people besides nutritionists and dietitians are aware of the reasons as to why the American people have such horrible eating habits. One reason as to why teenagers are unhealthy eaters is that eating provides something for them to do when they are bored. Eating while doing provision helps keep teenagers focused and awake so that they can get their homework done in a timely manner. Keeping their mouth occupied with food will stop them from talking to others around them. People who like what they are eating wil l most likely keep on eating and name off on a conversation. If teenagers just watched television while doing homework, they would most likely watch the television screen rather than do their homework.

Bruner and Wittgenstein: Language Learning :: Psychology Children Communication Papers

Bruner and Wittgenstein Language LearningA crucial phase in the childs development comes with its acquisition of wrangle, but before we can affiance in any pedagogical efforts to further infant development or to aid atypical cases, we need to understand methodologically what occurs during actors line learning. Jerome Bruner, in a methodological adaptation of Ludwig Wittgensteins middle and later work in an extension of Noam Chomskys LAD, has put forth one influential proposal (Bruner 1983). Ludwig Wittgensteins own remarks on the guinea pig also furnish an interesting story independent of Bruners selective use of his corpus, especially insofar as his approach results in an irreducible riddle and a hypothesis by his own account (Wittgenstein 1953 and 1958). The two views are explored, contrasted and critiqued. In the end, neither will do to resolve problems in our methodological understanding of language acquisition, for which the most important reasons are given. Most children le arn language with remarkable ease, but how are we to account for this extraordinary fact? The problem plaguing our understanding of language and language acquisition can be described as. How can one learn anything genuinely new and become linguistically creative and how this learning is assertable at all, unless one already has some path into language, for example, a suitable framework in which language learning takes place? It is this framework that interests us here. genius possible picture is provided by St. Augustine, who exchangeablens the childs learning of language to a fantastical coming into a foreign land, unable to understand what is said, yet already in possession of some language, only not the one spoken here. To Wittgenstein, the picture painted in St. Augustines Confessions is not representative of the scenery encountered by the first-time language learner, for this stranger who slowly decodes the puzzle of the strange surrounding sounds already has a framework. St . Augustine alters the character of the learner so that the issue of a suitable framework does not arise. Philosophers like Chomsky or Fodor, although historically distant from Augustine, try to provide a new answer to the same question. Their solution differs only in the sense that it shifts the problem onto a universal grammar or a language acquisition device, which thus provides the entry point into language.In his effort to dissolve philosophical issues, Wittgenstein makes a great many methodological suggestions in his later work, criss-crossing language, meaning, thought, and so forth. We also find